Final Accounts

Final Accounts:
Learning Objectives:

1. What is trading and profit and loss account?
2. What is the the difference between trial balance and balance sheet?
3. Prepare trading and profit and loss account and balance sheet.

Having proved the arithmetical accuracy of ledger by means of trial balance we should proceed to ascertain our profit or loss for a period, in order to determine the profit or loss of a business and its financial position, final accounts at the end of a particular period are prepared. The term "final accounts" means statements which are finally prepared to show the profit earned or loss suffered by the firm and financial state of affairs of the firm at the end of the period concerned. In order to know the profit or loss earned by a firm, income statement or trading and profit and loss account is prepared. This statement is also called "statement of operations." While the financial position is judged by means of preparing a balance sheet of the business. This statement is also called "position statement" or "statement of financial condition". In this section of the website we shall study the method of preparing these two statements.
The basis of these statements is trial balance. The trial balance includes all the accounts from the ledger. the nature of which may be either, personal, real, or nominal. It should be noted that from the trial balance only nominal accounts are transferred to the profit and loss account. The real or personal accounts go to the balance sheet.
Trading Account:
Learning Objectives:

1. Define and explain trading account.
2. What are the items of a trading account.
3. Prepare the format of trading account.
4. What are advantages of trading accounting?

Definition and Explanation:
A trading account is an account which contains, " in summarized form, all the transactions, occurring, throughout the trading period, in commodities in which he deals" and which gives the gross trading result. In short, trading account is the account which is prepared to determine the gross profit or the gross loss of a trader.
Items of Trading Account:
The following items usually appear in the debit and credit sides of the trading account.
Debit Side Items:

1. The value of opening stocks of goods (i.e., the stock of goods with which the business was started).
2. Net purchase made during the year (i.e., purchases less returns).
3. Direct expenses, if any.

Credit Side Items:

1. Total sales made during the period less the value of returns, i.e., net sales.
2. The value of closing stock of goods.

The difference between the two sides of the trading account represents either gross profit or gross loss. Thus if the credit side is heavier that would mean that the trader has earned gross profit i.e., the excess of selling price of the goods sold over their purchase price. If the debit side is heavier it would mean that the trader has suffered gross loss i.e., purchase price of goods exceeds the selling price.
The balance of trading account which represents either gross profit or gross loss is transferred to profit and loss account.
Format of Trading Account (T or Account Form):

Trading Account
For the year ending .......20......

Dr.	Cr.
To Opening stock ........ To purchases   .........     Less Returns  ......... ........ To Carriage inwards  ......... To Cartage  ......... To dock charges  ......... To Wages  ......... To Duty  ......... To Freight  ......... To Clearing charges  ......... To Etc. Etc.,  ......... To Gross profit (Transferred to profit and loss account)  .........	By Sales  .........       Less returns  .........  ......... By Closing stock  ......... By Gross loss transferred to profit and loss account  .........

Trading Accounts Items:

Now we shall discuss the items of trading account one by one.

Opening Stock:

In case of trading concerns it will consist of only finished goods or goods to be sold without alteration. In manufacturing concerns, the opening stock will consist of three parts

(a). Stock of raw materials.

(b). Stock of partly completed goods or work-in-progress.

(c). Stock of finished goods.

In case of new business there will be no opening stock.

Purchases:

This item includes both cash and credit purchases of goods bought with the object of sales.

Return Outwards or Purchases Returns:

It means the goods returned by a trader to his suppliers from out of his purchases. Return outwards reduce the purchases. It is shown by way of deduction from purchases in the trading account.

Discount on Purchases:

It is also shown by way of deduction from purchases in the trading account.

Sales:

This item includes total of both cash and credit sales of goods in which businessman deals in. It is credited to trading account.

Returns Inwards or Sales Returns:

It means goods returned to a trader by his customers from out of goods sold to them. It is shown by way of deduction from sales on the credit side, of the trading account.

Discount on Sales:

This account has always a debit balance and is shown by deduction from sales in the trading account.

Direct Expenses:

Direct expenses are those expenses which are incurred to convert  raw-materials into finished goods or which may be regarded as a part of the cost of purchasing the goods. e.g., wages paid by a manufacturer to construct furniture out of raw wood, the expenses incurred to bring goods from the place of purchase to the business place of the trader etc. All the direct expenses are charged to the trading account. The items usually included in the direct expenses are:

1. Wages: This item usually signifies some hourly, daily or piecework remuneration paid to laborers. It is direct expenditure and should be charged to trading account.
2. Manufacturing or Productive Wages: This item usually signifies the wages of factory workmen actually engaged in making or producing something. It is a direct charge on the cost of manufacturer. It is debited to manufacturing account or trading account.
3. Carriage Inward: Carriage means conveyance charges of goods by land. Carriage inward are the conveyance expenses incurred to bring the goods purchased in the godown or shop. It is debited to trading account. In examination questions when the item only "carriage" is given and is not expressly stated to be inward or outward, it should be assumed to be inward and debited to trading account. The reason is that carriage on goods is usually paid by the purchaser.
4. Cartage: The cartage charges on goods purchased are direct expenses and should be debited to trading account.
5. Freight: Freight is the charge made for conveyance of goods by sea. Freight on goods purchased is charged to trading account.
6. Customs Duty, Octroi Duty etc: When goods are purchased from a foreign country import duty will be payable. When goods are received from another city, the municipal corporation may charge octroi duty. All duties on goods purchased should be debited to trading account.
7. Excise Duty: It is a tax levied by the government. If the duty is levied on production it will be treated as manufacturing expenses and debited to trading account.
8. Stores Consumed: This item stores denote lubricating oil, tallow, grease, cotton and jute waste, etc., required for running the machinery of manufacturing concern. The amount of stores consumed is a direct expense and should be charged to trading account.
9. Motive Power: This item includes, coke, gas, water or electric energy consumed in propelling the machinery. It is debited to manufacturing account in the absence of a manufacturing account, it is debited to trading account.
10. Royalty: Royalty is an amount paid to a person for exploiting rights possessed by him it is usually paid to patentee, author, or landlord for the right to use his patent, copyright or land. If they are productive expenses, they are debited to manufacturing account; but in the absence of a manufacturing account, they are debited to trading account.
11. Manufacturing Expense: All other expenses such as factory rent, factory insurance, factory repair etc., are direct expenses and should be charged to trading account.

Closing Stock and its Valuation:

Closing stock represents the value of goods lying unsold in the hands of a trader at the end of a trading period. The value of closing stock is ascertained by means of compilation of list of materials, stores and goods actually in possession at the close of the trading period. This work is known as taking the inventory. The inventory or lists of physical stock are then faired and valued. The total of the lists will be closing stock. The closing stock is valued at cost or market price whichever is lower. As this item materially affects the gross profit (or gross loss), it is essential that all possible care should be taken to calculate the closing stock at a proper value.

The value of closing stock is taken into consideration only at the time of preparing the trading account and not before. The trial balance is prepared before the preparation of the trading account. Hence the closing stock does not appear in a trial balance. It is brought into account by means of a journal entry debiting stock account and crediting the trading account.

Closing Entries for Trading Account:

Closing entries are those which are passed at the end of each financial period for the purpose of transferring the various revenues items to the trading and profit and loss account and thus the nominal accounts are closed. I preparing a trading account, the opening stock, purchases, sales, returns both inwards and outwards, direct expenses and closing stock are transferred to it by means of journal entries as follows:

1) Trading Account

     To Purchases Account

     To Returns Inwards Account

     To Direct Expenses Account (wages, carriage etc.)

(Being the transfer of the latter accounts to the former.)

________________________________________

2) Sales Account

Returns Outward Account

     To Trading Account

(Sales etc., transferred to trading account)

________________________________________

3) Closing Stock Account

     To Trading Account

(Being to record closing stock)

Advantages of Trading Account:

The advantages of the trading account are as follows:

1. A trader can find out the gross profit and thereby can ascertain the percentage of profit he has earned on the cost of goods sold. This percentage of gross profit may serve as his ready guide for the adjustment of future sale price.
2. A trading account help a trader to compare his stock at open with that at the close. He can further find out whether the purchases he has made during the period of account have been judicious.
3. Once can compare the figure of sales with similar figure of the previous year and can find out whether business is improving or declining.
4. If the gross profit disclosed by the trading account is less than expected, an enquiry can be made into the cause responsible for the decline. And if the gross profit is more than was expected, steps can be taken to maintain it.

Profit and Loss Account:

Learning Objectives:

1. Define and explain profit and loss account.
2. Prepare the format of profit and loss account (account form and statement form).
3. Prepare closing journal entries profit and loss account.

Definition and Explanation:

Profit and loss account is the account whereby a trader determines the net result of his business transactions. It is the account which reveals the net profit (or net loss) of the trader.

The profit and loss account is opened with gross profit transferred from the trading account (or with gross loss which will be debited to profit and loss account). After this all expenses and losses (which have not been dealt in the trading account) are transferred to the debit side of the profit and loss account. If there are any incomes or gains, these will be credited to the profit and loss account. The excess of the gain over the losses is called the net profit and that of the loss over the gain is called the net loss. The account is closed by transferring the net profit or loss to capital account of the trader.

Format of the Profit and Loss Account:

Profit and Loss Account
For the year ended ..............

To Gross Loss To Salaries To Rent To Rent and Rates To Discount Allowed To Commission Allowed To Insurance To Bank Charges To Legal Charges To Repairs To Advertising To Trade Expenses To Office Expenses To Bad Debts To Traveling Expenses To Etc., Etc. To Net Profit (transferred to capital account of the trader)

xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx ex. xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

By Gross Profit By Interest Received By Discount Received By Commission Received By Other Receipts By Etc., Etc. By Net Loss (transferred to capital account of the trader)

xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

Closing Entries for Profit and Loss Account:

The following usual entries are passed at the end of each trading period.

1) Transferring all expenses or losses:

Profit and loss account

     To Each of the various expenses or losses

(This entry will close the expenses accounts)

 _______________________________________

2) Transferring all items of gains etc:

Various nominal accounts (representing gains)

     To Profit and loss account

(This entry will close all the remaining nominal accounts)

________________________________________

3)  Transferring net gain to capital account:

Profit and loss account

     To Capital account

(This entry closes the P & L account)

________________________________________

4) Transferring net loss to capital account:

Capital account

     To Profit and loss account

(This entry closes the P & L account)

________________________________________

Profit and Loss Account in Statement Form/Income Statement:

Trading and profit and loss account/income statement may be prepared either in account form (T form) or in report form (statement form). Trading and profit and loss account in both the forms give the same information. The account or T form is traditional and is used widely but in recent years many business houses prefer to present the profit and loss account/income statement in the report form.

Format of Profit and Loss Account/Income Statement in Statement Form:

Trading and Profit and Loss Account/Income Statement
For the year ended 31st December, 199-----
 

Income From Sales:
Sales		------
Less: Sales returns	------
Sales discount	------	------
Net Sales			------
Cost of Goods Sold:
Merchandise is stock on 1st January		------
Purchases	------
Less: Purchases returns	------
Net purchases		------
Cost of goods available for sale		------
Less merchandise in stock on 31st December		------
Cost of goods sold			------
GROSS PROFIT			------
Operating Expenses:
Selling Expenses:
Sales salaries	------
Advertising expenses	------
Insurance expense - selling	------
Store supplies expenses	------
Sundry selling expenses	------
Total selling expenses
		------
General Expenses:
Office salaries	------
Taxes	------
Insurance expenses general	------
Office supplies expenses	------
Sundry general expenses	------
Total general expenses		------
Total operating expenses			------
Net profit from operations			------
Other Income:
Rent income		------
Other Expenses:
Interest expenses		------
			------
NET PROFIT			------

Explanation of Certain Items of Income Statement:

Income from sales: The total of all charges to customers for goods sold, both for cash and on credit, is reported in this section. Sales returns and allowances and sales discounts are deducted from the gross amount to yield net sales.

Cost of Goods Sold: Cost of goods sold refers to the cost price of goods which have been sold during a given period of time. In order to calculate the cost of goods sold we should deduct from the total cost of goods purchased the cost of goods at the end of the year. This can be explained with the help of following formula/equation:

(Opening stock + Cost of goods purchased)  - Closing stock = Cost of goods sold

Gross Profit: The excess of the net income from sales over the cost of goods sold is also called gross profit on sales, trading profit or gross margin. It is as gross because all other expenses for the period must be deducted from it to obtain the net profit or net income of the business.

Operating Expenses: The operating expenses also called operating costs of a business may be classified under any desired number of headings and sub-headings. In small retail business it is usually satisfactory to classify operating expenses as selling or general.

1) Expenses that are incurred directly in connection with the sale of goods are known as selling expenses. selling expenses include salaries or the salesmen, store supplies used, depreciation of the store equipment, and advertising.

2) Expenses incurred in the general administration of the business are known as administrative expenses or general expenses. Examples of general expenses are office salaries, depreciation  of equipment, and office supplied used.

Net Profit from Operations: The excess of gross profit on sales over total operating expenses is called net profit or net profit from operations. If operating expenses should exceed gross profit, the excess is designated as net loss or net loss from operations.

Other Income: Minor sources of income are classified as other income or non-operating income. In a merchandising business this category often include income from interest, rent, dividends and gains from the sale of fixed assets.

Other Expenses: Expenses that cannot be associated definitely with the operations are identified as other expenses or non-operating expenses. Interest expense that results from financing activities and losses incurred in the disposal of fixed assets are examples of items reported in this section.

The two categories of non-operating items, other income and other expenses, are offset against each other on the profit and loss account. If the total of other income exceeds the total other expenses, the excess is added to net profit from operations; if the reverse is true, the difference is subtracted from net profit from operations.

Net Profit: The final figure on the profit and loss account is labeled as net profit (or net loss) or net profit carried to balance sheet. It is the net increase in capital from profit making activities.

Difference Between Trading Account and Profit and Loss Account:

Learning Objectives:

1) What is the difference between account and profit and loss account?

The main difference between trading account and profit and loss account is that the gross profit or loss which is derived from the trading account shows the trend of the business and the profit and loss account reflects on the management of the business the final outcomes of the concern. Trading account deals with the cost price of the goods. All the expenses directly connected with the buying of goods are entered in it. It is credited with the sale proceeds of the goods. Profit and loss account deals with the expenses indirectly connected with the goods (expenses with the selling of the goods.)

 Balance Sheet:

Learning Objectives:

1. Define and explain balance sheet.
2. How is a balance sheet prepared?
3. What are the objectives of preparing a balance sheet?

Definition and Explanation:

A balance sheet is a statement drawn up at the end of each trading period stating therein all the assets and liabilities of a business arranged in the customary order to exhibit the true and correct state of affairs of the concern as on a given date.

A balance sheet is prepared from a trial balance after the balances of nominal accounts are transferred to the trading account or to the profit and loss account. The remaining balances of personal or real accounts represent either assets or liabilities at the closing date. These assets ant liabilities are shown in the balance sheet in a classified form - the assets being shown on the right side and the liabilities on the left hand side.

Grouping and Marshalling:

In a balance sheet assets and liabilities should be properly grouped and classified under appropriate headings. The individual balance of each debtor's and creditor's account need not be shown. Debtors and creditors should be shown in total. The grouping together of dissimilar assets will make the balance sheet misleading.

The term marshalling means the order in which assets and liabilities are stated on the balance sheet as the balance sheet exhibits the financial position of a concern even to a non technical observer. It is of great importance that the different assets and liabilities should be arranged in the balance sheet on certain principles. The balance sheet is generally marshaled in three ways:

1) The Order of Liquidity or Realizability:

According to this method assets are entered up in the balance sheet following the order in which they can be converted into cash and the liabilities in the order in which they can be paid off. The following is a format of a balance sheet based on this order:

Balance Sheet as at ..........

Liabilities	Rs.	Assets	Rs.
Bills Payable  Loans  Trade Creditors  Capital		Cash in hand  Cash at Bank  Investments  Bills Receivables  Debtors  Stock (Closing)  Stores  Furniture & Fixtures  Plant & Machinery  Land & Buildings

2) The Order of Permanence:

This method is the reverse of the first method. Under this method the assets are stated according to their permanency i.e., permanent assets are shown first and less permanent are shown one after another. Similarly the fixed liabilities are stated first and the floating liabilities follow. The following is a specimen of a balance sheet based on this order:

Balance Sheet as at ..........

Liabilities	Rs.	Assets	Rs.
Capital  Trade Creditors  Loans  Bills Payable		Land & Buildings  Plant & Machinery  Furniture & Fixtures  Stores  Stock (Closing)  Debtors  Bills Receivables  Investments  Cash at Bank  Cash in hand

3) Mixed Order of Arrangement:

This method is the combination of the first two methods. Under this method the assets are arranged in order of realisability and liabilities are arranged in order of permanence.

The first method is adopted by sol proprietors, firms and partnership concerns. The second method is adopted by companies and the third method is adopted by banking concerns.

Objectives of the Balance Sheet:

The function of the correctly prepared balance sheet is to exhibit the true and correct view of the state of affairs of any concern. In a balance sheet as the assets and liabilities are shown in details after being properly valued, a trader can judge the position of his business from it.

Classification of Assets:

The properties and possessions of a business are called assets and they are classified into the following classes:

Fixed assets:

Fixed assets are assets which are acquired not for sale but for permanent use in the business e.g., land and buildings, plant and machinery, furniture etc. These assets help the business to be carried on.

Current Assets Or Circulating Assets or Floating Assets:

Current assets denote those assets which are held for sale or to be converted into cash after some time e.g., sundry debtors. bills receivables, stock of goods etc.

Liquid Assets:

Liquid assets are those assets which are with us in cash or easily converted into cash e.g., cash in hand, cash at bank, investments etc.

Wasting Assets:

The assets that depreciate through "wear and tear", whose values expire with lapse of time or that become exhausted through working are known as wasting assets. This is a sub-class of fixed assets e.g., plant machinery, mines etc.

Intangible or Fictitious Assets:

There are assets which have no physical existence. Which can neither be seen with eyes not touched with hands. These are called intangible assets orfictitious assets. They do not represent any thing valuable. They include debit balance of profit and loss account, goodwill etc.

Contingent Assets:

A contingent asset is one which comes into existence upon the happening of a certain event. If that event happens the asset becomes available, otherwise not. For example uncalled capital of a limited company.

Outstanding Assets:

Expenses paid in advance i.e., prepaid expenses, and income earned but not received are known as outstanding assets.

Classification of Liabilities:

The liabilities of a business are classified as follows:

Fixed Liabilities:

These are the liabilities which are payable immediately or in the near future. These liabilities are payable after a long period. Long term loans, capital of the proprietor are the examples of such kind of liabilities.

Current Liabilities:

These are the liabilities which are payable immediately or in the near future, such as creditors, bank loans etc.

Contingent Liabilities:

Contingent liabilities are those liabilities which arise only on the happening of some event. The event may or may not happen. Thus a contingent liability may or may not involve the payment of money. Examples of contingent liabilities are:

1. Liabilities on bills discounted: In case the bill is dishonored by the acceptor, the holder may be called upon to pay the amount to the discounter.
2. Liability under guarantee: In case the debtor fails to fulfill his obligation, the man who has given a guarantee or surety have to make good the loss to the creditor.
3. Liability in respect of a pending suit: A suit pending against a person in a court is a contingent liability because if the decision of the court goes against him, he may thereby become liable to pay compensation.
4. Contingent liabilities are not recorded in the books not they are included in the balance sheet. They are simply referred to by way of foot notes on the balance sheet.

Outstanding Liabilities:

Outstanding expenses and unearned income are examples of outstanding liabilities.

Classification of Capital:

The surplus or excess of assets over liabilities is called the capital or the proprietor. Capital may be classified as follows on the basis of the capital fund invested:

Trading Capital:

The portion of the funds of a concern which is represented by the fixed and floating assets is called the trading capital

Fixed Capital:

The portion of the funds of a concern which is represented by the fixed assets is called fixed capital.

Circulating Capital:

The portion of the funds of a concern which is represented by the floating or circulating assets is called the circulating or floating capital.

Working capital:

It is the amount which remains for the working of the business after the liabilities for acquiring the fixed assets have been discharged. The excess of the floating assets over the floating liabilities is also called the working capital.

Loan Capital:

The debentures and other fixed loans are sometimes called loan capital.

Watered Capital:

It is represented by fictitious assets.

Valuation of Assets:

In order to exhibit a true financial position of a business , assets are to be valued carefully. The basis upon which the various assets are valued depends to some extent on the nature of the business and the objects for which the assets are held. The following principles, however, will serve as a valuable guide in this respect:

Fixed Assets:

Fixed assets are valued on the method "going concern." Valuation of the fixed assets must be ascertained from their capacity to earn revenue and that is shy they should be valued for the purpose of the balance sheet at cost price less depreciation which is an estimated loss arising out of the use of the fixed assets in course of the business.

Floating Assets:

Floating assets are valued on the principle of the "cost or market price whichever is less." They are valued at a figure which they are likely to realize when converted into cash and as such they are valued at cost price or market price if the same is below the cost price at the date of valuation. It is never valued at a price exceeding the cost even if the market price is in excess of the cost price at the date of such valuation.

Vertical or Report Form of Balance Sheet

ASSETS
Current Assets:
Cash-in-hand	---------
Cash at bank	---------
Debtors (Accounts receivable)	---------
Bills receivable (Notes receivable)	---------
Stock in trade (Inventory)	---------
Total Current Assets		---------
Fixed Assets:
Furniture and fittings	---------
Buildings	---------
Plant and machinery	---------
Land	---------
Total Fixed Assets		---------
Total Assets		---------
Liabilities:
Current Liabilities:
Creditors (Accounts payable)	---------
Bills payable (Notes payable)	---------
Bank overdraft	---------
Total Current Liabilities		---------
Fixed Liabilities:
Long terms loans	---------
Owner's capital	---------
Add net income for the year	---------
		---------
Total Liabilities and Capital		---------

Distinction/Difference Between Trial Balance and Balance Sheet:

Learning Objectives:

1. What is the difference between trial balance and balance sheet?

The following are the points of distinction/difference between trial balance and balance sheet:

Trial Balance		Balance Sheet
►	It is a list of balance extracted from the ledger accounts	►	It is a statement of assets and liabilities
►	It contains the balance of all accounts - real, nominal and personal.	►	It contains the balance of only those accounts which represents assets and liabilities.
►	It is prepared before the preparation of trading and profit and loss account.	►	It is prepared after the preparation of trading and profit and loss account.
►	It does not contain the value of the closing stock of goods.	►	It contains the value of closing stock, which appears on the assets side.
►	Expenses due but not paid and incomes due but not received do not appear in the trial balance	►	Expenses due but not paid appear on the liability side and income due but not received appear on the asset side of the balance sheet.

Examples of Trading and Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet:

Learning Objectives:

1. Prepare trading and profit and loss account and balance sheet.

Example 1:

From the following balances extracted from the books of X & Co., prepare a trading and profit and loss account and balance sheet on 31st December, 1991.

	$		$
Stock on 1st January	11,000	Returns outwards	500
Bills receivables	4,500	Trade expenses	200
Purchases	39,000	Office fixtures	1,000
Wages	2,800	Cash in hand	500
Insurance	700	Cash at bank	4,750
Sundry debtors	30,000	Tent and taxes	1,100
Carriage inwards	800	Carriage outwards	1,450
Commission (Dr.)	800	Sales	60,000
Interest on capital	700	Bills payable	3,000
Stationary	450	Creditors	19,650
Returns inwards	1,300	Capital	17,900

The stock on 21st December, 1991 was valued at $25,000.

Solution:

X & Co.
Trading and Profit and Loss Account
For the year ended 31st December, 1991

To Opening stock		11,000	|	By Sales	60,000
To Purchases	39,000		|	Less returns i/w	1,300
Less returns o/w	500		|			58,700
		38,500	|	By Closing stock		25,000
To Carriage inwards		800	|
To Wages		2,800	|
To Gross profit c/d		30,600	|
			|
		83,700	|			83,700
			|
To Stationary		450	|	By Gross profit b/d		30,600
To Rent and rates		1,100	|
To Carriage outwards		1,450	|
To Insurance		700	|
To Trade expenses		200	|
To Commission		800	|
To Interest on capital		700	|
To Net profit transferred to capital a/c		25,200	|
			|
			|
		30,600	|			30,600
			|

X & Co.
Balance Sheet
As at 31st December, 1991

Liabilities		$	|	Assets	$
Creditors		19,650	|	Cash in hand	500
Bills payable		3,000	|	Cash at bank	4,750
Capital	17,900		|	Sundry debtors	30,000
Add Net profit	25,200		|	Bill receivable	4,500
		43,100	|	Stock	25,000
			|	Office equipment	1,000
			|
		65,750	|		65,750
			|

Example 2:

The following trial balance was taken from the books of Habib-ur-Rehman on December 31, 19 ....

Cash	13,000
Sundry debtors	10,000
Bill receivable	8,500
Opening stock	45,000
Building	50,000
Furniture and fittings	10,000
Investment (Temporary)	5,000
Plant and Machinery	15,500
Bills payable		9,000
Sundry creditors		20,000
Habib's capital		78,200
Habib's drawings	1,000
Sales		100,000
Sales discount	400
Purchases	30,000
Freight in	1,000
Purchase discount		500
Sales salary expenses	5,000
Advertising expenses	4,000
Miscellaneous sales expenses	500
Office salary expenses	8,000
Misc. general expenses	1,000
Interest income		1,000
Interest expenses	800
	2,08,700	2,08,700

Closing stock on December 31, 19 ... was $10,000
Required: Prepare income statement/trading and profit and loss account and balance sheet from the above trial balance in report form.

Solution:

Habib-ur-Rehman
Income Statement/Profit and Loss Account
For the year ended December 31, 19.....

Gross sales		100,000
Less: Sales discount		400
Net Sales			99,600
Cost of Goods Sold:
Opening stock		45,000
Purchases	30,000
Add: Freight in	1,000
	31,000
Less purchase discount	500
Net purchases		30,500
Cost of goods available fort sale		75,500
Less closing stock		10,000
Cost of goods sold			65,500
Gross profit			34,100
Operating Expenses:
Selling Expenses:
Sales salary expenses	5,000
Advertising expenses	4,000
Misc. selling expenses	500
		9,500
General Expense:
Office salaries expenses	8,000
Misc. general expenses	1,000
		9,000
Total operating expenses			18,500
Net profit from operations			15,600
Other Expenses and Incomes:
Interest income	1,000
Interest expenses	800
Net increase			200
Net income			15,800

Habib-ur-Rehman
Balance Sheet
As at December 31, 19.....

ASSETS
Current Assets:
Cash	13,000
Sundry debtors	10,000
Bills receivable	8,500
Stock on Dec. 31, 19 ..	10,000
Investment	5,000
Total Current Assets		46,500
Fixed Assets:
Buildings	50,000
Plant and Machinery	15,500
Furniture and fittings	10,000
Total Fixed Assets		75,500
Total Assets		122,000
LIABILITIES:
Current Liabilities:
Sundry creditors	20,000
Bills payable	9,000
Total Current Liabilities		29,000
Fixed Liabilities:
Habib's capital	78,200
Net income for the year	15,800
	94,000
Less: Drawings	1,000
		93,000
Total Liabilities and Capital		122,000

You Might Also Like :